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Ethereum Hits $4,100 Today — Is a Cup Pattern Signaling a Further Rally? – Pintu

Jakarta, Pintu News – The price of Ethereum has recovered strongly from its low around $3,430, and is currently hovering around $4,100 – registering a gain of around 20%. While this appears to be a solid recovery, price charts and on-chain data suggest that this move is unlikely to be a smooth one.
ETH has the potential to continue to rise, but there is a possibility of a temporary correction before continuing to rise to higher levels. Then, how will Ethereum price move today?
On October 14, 2025, Ethereum was trading at approximately $4,148, or around IDR 69,085,839, marking a slight decline of 0.23% over the past 24 hours. During this period, ETH dipped to a low of IDR 67,788,982 and reached a high of IDR 71,577,777.
At the time of writing, Ethereum’s market capitalization is estimated at IDR 8,298 trillion, while its daily trading volume has dropped 17% over the last 24 hours to IDR 706.71 trillion.
Read also: Bitcoin Slips Back to $113,000 Today — Are BTC Holders Turning Cautious?
Ethereum’s current price recovery seems to be driven by whale wallets, not by small investors. Data from Santiment shows that since October 11, whale wallets have increased their holdings from 100.28 million to 100.36 million ETH.
That means there is an accumulation of about 80,000 ETH, worth approximately $330 million at the current ETH price. This slow but consistent rise indicates a tacit accumulation post-drop, reflecting the confidence of long-term players.
However, some key holder groups have not shown the same conviction. According to Glassnode’s HODL Waves data, which categorizes coins by length of time held, two important groups are reducing their exposure.
The 1-week to 1-month group – typically made up of short-term traders who are quick to react to volatility – decreased its share from 8.84% to 8.37%.
Meanwhile, the 1-year to 2-year group – which are generally medium to long-term holders that help stabilize prices in uncertain times – also saw a decline from 7.16% to 7.03% after the crash.
In fact, these two groups are usually instrumental in shaping short-term momentum and sustaining long-term recovery. Their current caution explains why Ethereum’s price bounce, while promising, still looks lame.
As long as these traders and holders are not yet back in the market, ETH’s recovery is likely to remain dominated by whale action – meaning price movements are still prone to volatility, especially around the resistance zone.
Read also: Could Altcoins Be Gearing Up for a Comeback? These 3 Picks from CryptoAmsterdam Suggest So
On the 4-hour chart (Oct 13), Ethereum is forming a cup pattern, which is often considered a bullish reversal signal. This structure shows a price movement curving up from around $3,640 towards the $4,130-$4,390 range, with the shape appearing balanced on both sides.
The long tail of the sharp drop on October 11 is excluded from this pattern as it is considered a temporary anomaly that does not affect the main structure.
The volume trend is in favor of this pattern. On theleft side(left cup), a large red candle is seen during the decline. The volume then flattens out at the base of the pattern as the market begins to stabilize. After that, green bars start to appear on the right side as a sign of the return of buying.
Based on this pattern, the price of Ethereum has the potential to rise to around $4,390 – completing the cup pattern with both sides at balanced levels. However, after reaching that point, there might be a temporary correction as the handle part forms.
This handle phase could take ETH down to the $4,070 range, or even $3,950, without invalidating the pattern. But if the price closes below $3,950, the pattern will be broken and become a signal of weakness.
If the handle forms cleanly and momentum is maintained, a breakout above $4,390 could trigger further upside. The next short-term targets are $4,550 and $4,750.
That’s the latest information about crypto. Follow us on Google News to get the latest crypto news about crypto projects and blockchain technology. Also, learn crypto from scratch with complete discussion through Pintu Academy and stay up-to-date with the latest crypto market such as bitcoin price today, xrp coin price today, dogecoin and other crypto asset prices through Pintu Market.
Enjoy an easy and secure crypto trading experience by downloading Pintu crypto app via Google Play Store or App Store now. Also, get a web trading experience with various advanced trading tools such as pro charting, various types of order types, and portfolio tracker only at Pintu Pro.
*Disclaimer
This content aims to enrich readers’ information. Pintu collects this information from various relevant sources and is not influenced by outside parties. Note that an asset’s past performance does not determine its projected future performance. Crypto trading activities have high risk and volatility, always do your own research and use cold cash before investing. All activities of buying and selling bitcoin and other crypto asset investments are the responsibility of the reader.
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Missouri Lottery Mega Millions, Pick 3 winning numbers for Oct. 14, 2025 – Springfield News-Leader

The Missouri Lottery offers several draw games for those aiming to win big. Here’s a look at Oct. 14, 2025, results for each game:
12-22-49-57-58, Mega Ball: 19
Check Mega Millions payouts and previous drawings here.
Midday: 3-1-5
Midday Wild: 6
Evening: 9-1-3
Evening Wild: 3
Check Pick 3 payouts and previous drawings here.
Midday: 4-5-7-7
Midday Wild: 1
Evening: 3-4-6-3
Evening Wild: 6
Check Pick 4 payouts and previous drawings here.
25-32-42-47-57, Cash Ball: 04
Check Cash4Life payouts and previous drawings here.
Early Bird: 02
Morning: 04
Matinee: 02
Prime Time: 06
Night Owl: 07
Check Cash Pop payouts and previous drawings here.
03-12-17-31-36
Check Show Me Cash payouts and previous drawings here.
Feeling lucky? Explore the latest lottery news & results
All Missouri Lottery retailers can redeem prizes up to $600. For prizes over $600, winners have the option to submit their claim by mail or in person at one of Missouri Lottery’s regional offices, by appointment only.
To claim by mail, complete a Missouri Lottery winner claim form, sign your winning ticket, and include a copy of your government-issued photo ID along with a completed IRS Form W-9. Ensure your name, address, telephone number and signature are on the back of your ticket. Claims should be mailed to:
Ticket Redemption
Missouri Lottery
P.O. Box 7777
Jefferson City, MO 65102-7777
For in-person claims, visit the Missouri Lottery Headquarters in Jefferson City or one of the regional offices in Kansas City, Springfield or St. Louis. Be sure to call ahead to verify hours and check if an appointment is required.
For additional instructions or to download the claim form, visit the Missouri Lottery prize claim page.
This results page was generated automatically using information from TinBu and a template written and reviewed by a Missouri editor. You can send feedback using this form.

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XRP Price Eyes Key Upside Break – Can Bulls Finally Regain Control? – TradingView

XRP price started a fresh increase above $2.50. The price is now showing positive signs and could aim for more gains above the $2.620 level.
XRP Price Set To Surge?
XRP price found support and started a strong recovery wave above $2.220, like Bitcoin and Ethereum. The price was able to climb above the $2.320 and $2.40 levels to enter a positive zone.
The bulls were able to push the price above the 61.8% Fib retracement level of the downward move from the $3.05 swing high to the $1.40 swing low. However, the bears are still active near the $2.60 and $2.620 levels. Besides, there is a key bearish trend line forming with resistance at $2.60 on the hourly chart of the XRP/USD pair.
The price is now trading above $2.50 and the 100-hourly Simple Moving Average. If there is a fresh upward move, the price might face resistance near the $2.550 level.
The first major resistance is near the $2.60 level and the trend line. The main hurdle could be near the 76.4% Fib retracement level of the downward move from the $3.05 swing high to the $1.40 swing low at $2.660. A clear move above the $2.660 resistance might send the price toward the $2.720 resistance. Any more gains might send the price toward the $2.750 resistance. The next major hurdle for the bulls might be near $2.80.
Another Drop?
If XRP fails to clear the $2.60 resistance zone, it could start a fresh decline. Initial support on the downside is near the $2.50 level. The next major support is near the $2.420 level.
If there is a downside break and a close below the $2.420 level, the price might continue to decline toward $2.320. The next major support sits near the $2.250 zone, below which the price could continue lower toward $2.20.
Technical Indicators
Hourly MACD – The MACD for XRP/USD is now gaining pace in the bullish zone.
Hourly RSI (Relative Strength Index) – The RSI for XRP/USD is now above the 50 level.
Major Support Levels – $2.50 and $2.420.
Major Resistance Levels – $2.60 and $2.660.
Select market data provided by ICE Data Services. Select reference data provided by FactSet. Copyright © 2025 FactSet Research Systems Inc.Copyright © 2025, American Bankers Association. CUSIP Database provided by FactSet Research Systems Inc. All rights reserved. SEC fillings and other documents provided by Quartr.© 2025 TradingView, Inc.

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Effortless Holiday Travel at DFW Airport in U.S.: Expert Tips for Smooth Journeys This Festive Season – Travel And Tour World

Published on October 15, 2025
The holiday season is a time for relaxation, family, and making unforgettable memories. However, navigating busy airports can sometimes add unnecessary stress to what should be a joyous occasion. Fortunately, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) has crafted a simple and effective recipe to make your holiday travel smoother than ever. With a blend of well-thought-out strategies, travelers can enjoy a hassle-free airport experience while making the most of their time this season.

Essential Ingredients for Stress-Free Holiday Travel

Just like a holiday feast, a successful journey begins with preparation. Below are the essential ingredients that will ensure your time at DFW Airport is smooth, stress-free, and enjoyable from the moment you arrive to the time you board your flight.

1. The DFW Airport Mobile App – Your Travel Companion

The first step in creating a seamless travel experience is downloading the DFW Airport mobile app. Available for both iOS and Android, this app provides real-time updates, gate information, parking deals, and more. To ensure you never miss important updates like flight changes or gate switches, enable push notifications. By staying informed through your mobile app, you can keep everything on track, much like ensuring the perfect timing for your favorite holiday dishes.

2. Prebook Your Parking for a Sweet Deal

Parking during the holiday season can often be a challenge, especially when the airport is bustling with travelers. To avoid the stress of searching for a spot, make sure to prebook your parking early. The earlier you book, the more you save, making parking one less thing to worry about. Creating a MyDFW account will not only help you secure your spot faster, but it also gives you access to special deals, ensuring your holiday experience is as smooth as your family’s signature pie.

3. TollTag or Digital Payments for Quick Entry and Exit

For an easy and fast entry and exit through the airport, make sure to have a TollTag or digital payment method like Apple Pay or Google Pay. DFW’s exit plazas now only accept digital payments, so having your method ready will allow you to move swiftly, bypassing the usual hassle and getting your trip started smoothly. It’s a quick process that sets the tone for the rest of your journey.

4. Arrive Early – 2 Hours for Domestic, 3 Hours for International

Arriving at the airport with plenty of time to spare is always a good idea, especially during the busy holiday season. It’s recommended to arrive at least two hours before your domestic flight and three hours before an international flight. This extra buffer time ensures a relaxed, unrushed experience. Similar to giving your holiday recipes time to simmer, arriving early prevents stress and ensures you are fully prepared for your flight.

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5. Be Savvy About Traffic

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Before hitting the road, check your preferred map app—whether it’s Waze, Google, or Apple Maps—to check traffic conditions. A quick check can help you avoid delays and choose the quickest route to the airport. Think of it as choosing the fastest line at checkout during holiday shopping: a little effort up front saves time and hassle later.

6. Public Transit: Skip the Traffic and Parking

If you want to bypass the stress of driving and parking, public transit options like DART, TEXRail, and TRE can help you reach DFW Airport with ease. For an even more convenient experience, DART’s new Silver Line connects directly to Terminal B, giving you a fast and hassle-free ride to your terminal. Public transit can be a lifesaver, especially during peak travel times when traffic is at its worst.

7. Patience: A Holiday Essential

Holiday travel can sometimes feel as chaotic as preparing a big meal. With crowds, security lines, and other passengers all rushing to get through the airport, patience is key. Keep your cool by using tools like live security wait times and parking availability through the DFW Airport app. Embrace the holiday spirit and take your time—sometimes a pinch of patience can make all the difference in creating a smooth experience.

8. Grab-and-Go Snacks for Easy Dining

At DFW Airport, there’s no need to worry about hunger pangs while navigating through terminals. Use the DFWOrderNow.com website or the mobile app to pre-order snacks, so they’re ready when you arrive. This option is perfect for busy travelers who need something quick without wasting time looking for food options. It’s like having your holiday leftovers delivered straight to you!

9. Skylink: Your Shortcut to Easy Connections

For travelers transferring between terminals, DFW’s Skylink system is a time-saving tool. Skylink connects all five terminals in just minutes, helping you quickly navigate the airport. If you’re flying American Airlines and traveling light, consider using the quickest security lines available in any terminal and then connecting to your gate via Skylink. This method speeds up the process, letting you spend less time navigating and more time relaxing.

10. Stay Informed About Construction

DFW Airport is always evolving, which means there might be ongoing construction or updates to the facilities. To stay ahead of potential disruptions, check the Construction Corner for updates, or sign up for notifications on the latest developments. This proactive approach ensures you’re always prepared, keeping your trip smooth and stress-free despite any changes or improvements happening around you.

Directions for the Perfect Holiday Travel Experience

With all the right ingredients in hand, you’re ready to cook up your holiday travel plans. Begin by downloading the DFW Airport app, prebooking parking, and checking your traffic routes before heading out. Don’t forget to leave extra time for check-in and security. By staying informed through your app and following the holiday travel tips, you can ensure a smooth experience every step of the way.

Conclusion: Safe and Smooth Holiday Travels

By preparing ahead of time and following these travel tips, your holiday journey through DFW Airport will be a smooth and stress-free experience. Whether you’re a seasoned traveler or embarking on your first holiday flight, these simple steps will ensure your journey is enjoyable and hassle-free. With a little planning, your holiday travel can be as smooth as your favorite family recipes, giving you more time to relax and enjoy the season.

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Idaho Lottery results: See winning numbers for Mega Millions, Pick 3 on Oct. 14, 2025 – USA Today

Looking to win big? The Idaho Lottery offers several games if you think it’s your lucky day.
Lottery players in Idaho can chose from popular national games like the Powerball and Mega Millions, which are available in the vast majority of states. Other games include Lotto America, Lucky For Life, 5 Star Draw, Idaho Cash, Pick 3 and Pick 4.
Big lottery wins around the U.S. include a lucky lottery ticketholder in California who won a $1.27 billion Mega Millions jackpot in December 2024. See more big winners here. And if you do end up cashing a jackpot, here’s what experts say to do first.
Here’s a look at Tuesday, Oct. 14, 2025 results for each game:
12-22-49-57-58, Mega Ball: 19
Check Mega Millions payouts and previous drawings here.
Day: 2-3-0
Night: 6-5-0
Check Pick 3 payouts and previous drawings here.
Day: 1-7-7-1
Night: 5-7-1-3
Check Pick 4 payouts and previous drawings here.
02-05-15-34-37, Lucky Ball: 01
Check Lucky For Life payouts and previous drawings here.
08-22-27-32-33
Check Idaho Cash payouts and previous drawings here.
Feeling lucky? Explore the latest lottery news & results
Winning lottery numbers are sponsored by Jackpocket, the official digital lottery courier of the USA TODAY Network.
Tickets can be purchased in person at gas stations, convenience stores and grocery stores. Some airport terminals may also sell lottery tickets.
You can also order tickets online through Jackpocket, the official digital lottery courier of the USA TODAY Network, in these U.S. states and territories: Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Idaho, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Puerto Rico, Washington D.C., and West Virginia. The Jackpocket app allows you to pick your lottery game and numbers, place your order, see your ticket and collect your winnings all using your phone or home computer.
Jackpocket is the official digital lottery courier of the USA TODAY Network. Gannett may earn revenue for audience referrals to Jackpocket services. GAMBLING PROBLEM? CALL 1-800-GAMBLER, Call 877-8-HOPENY/text HOPENY (467369) (NY). 18+ (19+ in NE, 21+ in AZ). Physically present where Jackpocket operates. Jackpocket is not affiliated with any State Lottery. Eligibility Restrictions apply. Void where prohibited. Terms: jackpocket.com/tos.
This results page was generated automatically using information from TinBu and a template written and reviewed by a USA Today editor. You can send feedback using this form.

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Corporate Bitcoin Holdings Jump to $117B as Firms Double Down on Crypto Treasuries – Decrypt

Corporate Bitcoin Holdings Jump to $117B as Firms Double Down on Crypto Treasuries
$112,233.00
$4,103.23
$1,210.15
$2.49
$202.31
$0.999899
$4,101.85
$0.203377
$0.317424
$0.693335
$4,992.18
$4,419.48
$112,245.00
$19.02
$0.99161
$1.00
$4,429.51
$0.336216
$536.58
$38.92
$2.82
$22.64
$4,106.15
$1.00
$9.65
$0.999925
$0.188025
$112,127.00
$1.001
$97.45
$0.00001072
$1.92
$42.64
$320.28
$0.166131
$2.28
$1.20
$3.24
$452.58
$6.82
$249.38
$0.14458
$254.26
$180.60
$4.82
$1.99
$0.441422
$0.00000744
$2.46
$1.47
$249.41
$1.00
$14.03
$0.999883
$1.071
$1.00
$3.68
$16.83
$0.999999
$0.797059
$4,105.66
$0.997287
$5.59
$0.962358
$0.201006
$6.57
$217.81
$16.19
$0.00000205
$3.49
$14.33
$0.342466
$4,696.75
$1.00
$0.203714
$0.03553022
$0.214652
$1.00
$0.01918346
$3.47
$4,333.72
$1,210.57
$0.06052
$4,187.82
$4,331.42
$0.02442628
$38.93
$0.063492
$0.01939031
$4,432.52
$2.83
$0.00407463
$0.223981
$112,430.00
$4,352.50
$89.62
$4,196.91
$6.28
$0.00001622
$1.21
$0.375079
$3.39
$1.67
$1.13
$0.595608
$0.999818
$112,298.00
$1.19
$0.061859
$0.997728
$4,411.53
$1.95
$231.15
$0.280418
$1.15
$9.47
$112,459.00
$0.988199
$113,045.00
$2.01
$0.481158
$0.471343
$268.91
$1.00
$0.467606
$0.585633
$0.313644
$0.884712
$112.93
$3,896.34
$1.00
$0.200337
$4,106.55
$2.15
$0.069352
$10.85
$0.00007417
$0.123003
$1.092
$0.998105
$0.257505
$0.114398
$0.62524
$112,066.00
$4,106.34
$1.24
$4,398.63
$4,092.89
$3.28
$0.152087
$0.00757222
$0.117702
$3.55
$1.032
$0.079668
$0.04158302
$1.41
$4,708.96
$0.582169
$0.576379
$45.73
$4,517.21
$16.88
$0.01200316
$0.226001
$0.998509
$4,516.36
$0.126694
$4,407.41
$0.820499
$112,241.00
$1.97
$0.203282
$0.01070563
$0.00000052
$0.52307
$1.34
$0.267748
$0.456889
$1.002
$1,278.47
$0.311595
$0.999556
$0.110871
$4,421.19
$1.001
$1.10
$0.30005
$0.999878
$0.999954
$4,103.43
$2.18
$0.02425389
$22.84
$0.452801
$1.16
$4,067.43
$4,104.83
$0.0046771
$0.999116
$27.78
$0.416379
$0.00000042
$1.10
$0.00434935
$1.071
$5.30
$38.96
$2.17
$0.989119
$0.083616
$0.394836
$0.42683
$6.78
$0.01254906
$5.44
$0.115179
$0.00631625
$22.64
$1.21
$1.17
$22.63
$4,325.23
$112,366.00
$0.9997
$1.098
$0.0359077
$135.16
$36.41
$224.50
$38.80
$0.447802
$0.00960883
$0.146224
$2.84
$231.60
$0.68312
$1.099
$0.22959
$5,004.01
$4,100.47
$0.00643953
$0.00076706
$0.916369
$0.03246063
$112,176.00
$0.03231574
$0.999873
A record number of companies have increased their Bitcoin exposure in the third quarter of this year, even as the crypto market begins to navigate a volatile period.
The number of public companies holding Bitcoin surged to 172, a nearly 40% increase in just three months, according to a tweet from asset manager Bitwise on Wednesday. 
As of September 30, these firms collectively held over 1.02 million Bitcoin, worth approximately $117 billion. That number has increased over the last two weeks to 1.02 million and $118.4 billion, according to Bitcoin Treasuries data. 
“We’re seeing a growing wave of public and private companies increasing their Bitcoin holdings as part of a broader strategic shift,” Gracy Chen, CEO of Bitget, told Decrypt. “For many, it’s not just a hedge against inflation but a long-term bet on digital assets as a core treasury reserve.”
A deeper look at the data revealed that public companies were the most aggressive accumulators, adding over 193,000 BTC to their balance sheets—a 20.68% quarter-over-quarter increase. 
Bitcoin adoption by public companies significantly outpaced growth in other sectors, such as private companies and exchange-traded funds, which saw increases of 2.21% and 6.7%, respectively.
The leading corporate holders include familiar names like MicroStrategy, which holds 640,031 Bitcoin, alongside newer entrants like Metaplanet, which more than doubled its holdings during the quarter. 
Institutional interest remained strong as Bitcoin led last week’s inflows with $2.67 billion. In total, digital asset investment products saw $3.17 billion in inflows last week, pushing the year-to-date total to a record $48.7 billion, according to CoinShares' latest report
Chen attributes the acceleration to a supportive regulatory climate under the Trump administration, citing recent accounting reforms like the approval of U.S. Strategic Bitcoin Reserves and the SEC’s generic listing standards for commodity-based trust shares.
Looking ahead, she expects continued ETF inflows and broader adoption across balance sheets to potentially “push Bitcoin toward $160,000 in the fourth quarter.”
The accumulation is mainly driven by digital asset treasuries, Peter Chung, Head of Research at Presto Research, told Decrypt
“Their raison d'être is to acquire crypto assets… funded by security issuance in the public market,” Chung added. "As long as there is appetite for their security issuance in the public market, they will continue this effort."
Unlike retail traders with a short-term outlook, institutions invest over a long horizon. The ongoing trade war between the U.S. and China is unlikely to impact decision-making for those types of investors, Decrypt was told.
Despite the near-term volatility, analysts have characterized the recent sell-off as a "recalibration" driven by geopolitical tensions rather than a failure of the underlying bullish thesis, suggesting that long-term accumulation trends remain intact.
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NAVigating What’s Next, October 2025 – Fund Finance x Crypto – The Next Frontier – JD Supra

Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft LLP
[co-authors: Finn Howie, Alexandra Woodcock, Alastair Lagrange]
The authors would like to thank Sara Galletly and Ramesh Maharaj for their contributions.
With the growth of fund finance we have all observed cross-over between areas such as securitization, structured finance, and the insurance sector, blurring the lines between historically separate areas. The next frontier is rapidly coming into focus: crypto. It would be unwise to try to forecast exactly how the relationship between crypto and fund finance will evolve but in the Cayman Islands, which is somewhat of a ‘sandbox’ for virtual asset experimentation and innovation, we are already thinking about virtual assets in the fund finance context. While crypto presents some challenges to fund finance, it may also provide some novel solutions.
In the first part of this series, we will examine the potential for fund finance facilities backed by virtual assets held in custody accounts.
Part One – Custodied virtual assets
Lending backed by custodied virtual assets gives rise to two issues for lenders to solve: a legal challenge and a credit underwriting challenge.
The legal challenge
First, some history. The very early days of fund finance had its genesis in offering banking solutions to funds of funds. Industry veterans who worked on structuring those facilities followed a tried and tested pattern of lending to funds for liquidity management purposes, providing credit lines mainly to fund redemption obligations, with the loans being collateralized by security over the fund’s custody accounts.
Back further still in history, the Re Charge Card Services Ltd [1987] case involved a conceptual debate in common law jurisdictions, such as the Cayman Islands, over whether a bank can take security over a bank account held by its own customer, given that the customer is actually the bank’s creditor in respect of the account. It was argued by some parties that such a security interest was a “conceptual impossibility.” Helpfully, this view was rejected by the UK House of Lords[1] and it is now clear that enforceable security may be taken by a bank over a borrower’s accounts. A similar “conceptual impossibility” analogue arises today in the context of virtual assets.
The obvious legal challenge is how to conceptualize the legal nature of virtual assets; are they personal property in the same way as shares, limited partnership interests, loan receivables or other claims are? The answer dictates whether an effective Cayman Islands law security interest can be granted and perfected in virtual assets and, perhaps more importantly, dictates the exact legal form that such security interest would take. Cayman Islands law recognises various forms of security interest such as fixed charges, floating charges, equitable mortgages, legal mortgages and assignments by way of security. Each has its own nuances and applicability to different types of property.
Important decisions in the English courts have already confirmed that certain virtual assets (namely Bitcoin and USDT) constitute legally recognised property, on the basis that they are: (1) definable; (2) identifiable by third parties; (3) capable of assumption by third parties; and (4) have some degree of performance or stability.[2] English law is highly persuasive in the Cayman Islands and it is likely that these authorities would be followed unless there was an overriding public policy reason not to do so. However, despite clearing the first hurdle it remains unclear exactly what type of property a virtual asset is. In most common law jurisdictions, personal property is generally divided into choses in action and choses in possession. English courts have held that virtual assets are neither, but rather a distinct form of property in its own class.[3] This poses a question as to what type of security interest ought to be used to create and perfect security over any given virtual asset.
Unlike other jurisdictions such as the United States, Canada and Australia, the Cayman Islands does not have a codified system of security creation, perfection and priority rules for personal property. This fact comes with both upsides and drawbacks. On the one hand, it does make it more difficult to simply provide a codified position around security-taking via legislative amendment.[4] On the other hand, courts are free to adopt existing rules around security interests in personal property arising under common law, leaning on jurisprudence in other Commonwealth jurisdictions as it evolves.
One legal advantage that may smooth the path to bankable virtual assets held in custody is that under Cayman Islands law, the usual security package for such facilities would include an equitable assignment (an “assignment by way of security” in Cayman Islands legal parlance) over the contractual rights in the agreement governing the terms of the custody account. This allows the custody arrangement to function as normal in the ordinary course and sidestep, for the time being, conceptual questions as to the exact legal nature of the underlying virtual assets. It also allows the financing bank to step into the rights of the borrower as against the custodian. However, this may not work in all cross-border transactions where the governing law of the account contract is different from the location of the custody bank, and conflict of laws issues (for instance, under the Hague Securities Convention) will come into play. It also leaves open credit risk in the event of insolvency of the custodian itself, as relying on an equitable assignment of contractual rights alone may have little value if the custodian is bankrupt. All things being equal, a lender will want a proprietary, first-ranking claim on the virtual assets that elevates it above the custodian’s other creditors. In a cryptocurrency context, the ultimate protection for a lender would involve controlling (in a practical sense) the sole private key necessary to execute transactions in relation to the underlying asset. A borrower is unlikely to hand over their private keys, but a level of practical control could be obtained via a multi-signature arrangement between the custodian, the borrower and the lender.
The credit underwriting challenge
The obvious credit underwriting challenge stems from the inherent volatility of some virtual assets when compared to other types of investments. Traditional NAV testing, collateral valuation periods and margin mechanics may not be sophisticated enough to keep pace with swings in virtual asset prices. In other crypto lending contexts outside of fund finance, this is addressed mainly in two ways: through substantial overcollateralization and use of smart contracts. To protect against unacceptable loss given default, loans backed by virtual assets are often heavily overcollateralized and margin call triggers are often set at very early stages when compared to more traditional investment securities. A smart contract, meanwhile, is a digital contract embedded in the blockchain, which contains an established set of rules governing 24/7 without reference to traditional market open and close timeframes. A smart contract can be set up to operate without the need for action by third parties, such as broker-dealers, administrators, banks or insolvency officials. This has obvious advantages in removing friction within the system, but from the borrower’s perspective, the risk is that a smart contract built into a virtual asset-backed loan could trigger immediate liquidation into a falling market with almost no time for intervention or negotiation with the lender, creating a cascading effect and amplifying losses.
In the next instalment of this series, we will examine the development of tokenized investment funds in a fund finance context.
Mourant Ozannes
[1] Morris v. Agrichemicals Limited [1996].
[2] Tulip Trading v. van der Laan & Ors [2023] EWCA Civ 83.
[3] Fabrizio D’Aloia v. Persons Unknown Category A & Ors [2024] EWHC 2342 (Ch).
[4] Such as the approach taken in the United States through amendments to the Uniform Commercial Code dealing with “Controllable Electronic Records” and allowing for perfection via control.
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DISCLAIMER: Because of the generality of this update, the information provided herein may not be applicable in all situations and should not be acted upon without specific legal advice based on particular situations. Attorney Advertising.
© Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft LLP
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