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Idaho Lottery results: See winning numbers for Pick 3, Pick 4 on Nov. 9, 2025 – USA Today

Looking to win big? The Idaho Lottery offers several games if you think it’s your lucky day.
Lottery players in Idaho can chose from popular national games like the Powerball and Mega Millions, which are available in the vast majority of states. Other games include Lotto America, Lucky For Life, 5 Star Draw, Idaho Cash, Pick 3 and Pick 4.
Big lottery wins around the U.S. include a lucky lottery ticketholder in California who won a $1.27 billion Mega Millions jackpot in December 2024. See more big winners here. And if you do end up cashing a jackpot, here’s what experts say to do first.
Here’s a look at Sunday, Nov. 9, 2025 results for each game:
Day: 1-4-4
Night: 0-5-2
Check Pick 3 payouts and previous drawings here.
Day: 2-5-4-8
Night: 4-9-8-5
Check Pick 4 payouts and previous drawings here.
17-19-33-46-47, Lucky Ball: 10
Check Lucky For Life payouts and previous drawings here.
01-06-31-42-45
Check Idaho Cash payouts and previous drawings here.
Feeling lucky? Explore the latest lottery news & results
Winning lottery numbers are sponsored by Jackpocket, the official digital lottery courier of the USA TODAY Network.
Tickets can be purchased in person at gas stations, convenience stores and grocery stores. Some airport terminals may also sell lottery tickets.
You can also order tickets online through Jackpocket, the official digital lottery courier of the USA TODAY Network, in these U.S. states and territories: Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Idaho, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Puerto Rico, Washington D.C., and West Virginia. The Jackpocket app allows you to pick your lottery game and numbers, place your order, see your ticket and collect your winnings all using your phone or home computer.
Jackpocket is the official digital lottery courier of the USA TODAY Network. Gannett may earn revenue for audience referrals to Jackpocket services. GAMBLING PROBLEM? CALL 1-800-GAMBLER, Call 877-8-HOPENY/text HOPENY (467369) (NY). 18+ (19+ in NE, 21+ in AZ). Physically present where Jackpocket operates. Jackpocket is not affiliated with any State Lottery. Eligibility Restrictions apply. Void where prohibited. Terms: jackpocket.com/tos.
This results page was generated automatically using information from TinBu and a template written and reviewed by a USA Today editor. You can send feedback using this form.

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Senior Bingo – City of Pittsburg, KS

         <a href="https://www.pittks.org/events/"> &laquo; All Events</a>         <br>Join us for an unforgettable afternoon of excitement, camaraderie, and the thrill of the win at Bingo!<br><span>🕒 </span><strong data-start="329" data-end="338">Time: Bingo Starts at 1:00pm, Snack at 2:00pm</strong><br data-start="352" data-end="355" /><strong>📍<span> </span>Location: Lincoln Center, 710 W 9th St.</strong><br data-start="405" data-end="408" /><span>🎟️ </span><strong data-start="412" data-end="431">Admission: $0.50 Per Meeting, $0.25 Per Card</strong><br>JANUARY 10 &amp; 17 | LINCOLN CENTER, 710 W 9TH ST<br>NO BINGO FEBRUARY<br>MARCH  7 &amp; 28 | LINCOLN CENTER, 710 W 9TH ST<br>APRIL 4, 11, &amp; 25 | LINCOLN CENTER, 710 W 9TH S T<br>MAY 9 | LINCOLN CENTER, 710 W 9TH ST<br>JUNE 6 &amp; 13 | HOMER COLE , 3003 N JOPLIN ST .<br>JULY 11 | HOMER COLE , 3003 N JOPLIN ST .<br>AUGUST 22 | LINCOLN CENTER, 710 W 9TH ST<br>SEPTEMBER 12 &amp; 26 | LINCOLN CENTER, 710 W 9TH ST<br>OCTOBER 2, 3, 30 &amp; 31 | L INCOLN CENTER, 710 W 9TH ST<br>NOVEMBER 6, 14, 20 &amp; 21 | LINCOLN CENTER, 710 W 9TH ST<br>DECEMBER 4, 5, 11, 12, 18 &amp; 19 | LINCOLN CENTER, 710 W 9TH ST<br>201 W. 4th St.<br>                     Pittsburg, KS 66762<br><strong>620-231-4100</strong><br>Experience trouble with the website? Email <a href="mailto:web@pittks.org">web@pittks.org</a><br>&copy; 2025 City of Pittsburg | Built by <a href="https://limelightmarketing.com">LimeLight Marketing</a><br>Experience trouble with the website? Email <a href="mailto:web@pittks.org">web@pittks.org</a><br>&copy; 2025 City of Pittsburg | Built by <a href="https://limelightmarketing.com">LimeLight Marketing</a><br>We are using cookies to give you the best experience on our website.<br>You can find out more about which cookies we are using or switch them off in <button  aria-haspopup="true" data-href="#moove_gdpr_cookie_modal" class="change-settings-button">settings</button>.<br>This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful.<br>Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings.<br><br><a href="https://news.google.com/rss/articles/CBMiY0FVX3lxTFBWS191RS1GUHBwNVYxUTVnNnNpcGdxVDMwR01mTmlHT1pRRjBvU0s3OGxfc2ZrS1hQN05EQWNyRnVCSXp0TDctckM0dGZyclQzaTZaa2JHa2FNc1V4S2haUlh4UQ?oc=5">source</a>
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Euromillions winning numbers revealed for £208m jackpot draw – AOL.com

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The winning numbers in Tuesday’s EuroMillions have been revealed in the draw for the UK’s biggest ever lottery jackpot.
A record jackpot of an estimated £208m is up for grabs if any ticket-holders manage to choose the winning numbers.
The winning numbers are 19, 36, 39, 40, 45, while the Lucky Stars are 2 and 12. Players must correctly choose all seven numbers in order to win the jackpot.
No-one won the EuroMillions jackpot on Friday, meaning the top prize rolled over into Tuesday’s draw.
While the jackpot was capped at a record £208m on Friday, money that previously would have gone into raising Tuesday’s jackpot instead went into boosting prizes in the second tier, meaning multiple UK players could potentially bank large prizes for matching the five main numbers and one Lucky Star.
In Friday’s draw, seven players won the second-tier prize, entitling them to winnings of more than £2m each. A total of 18 ticket-holders correctly chose the main five numbers without a Lucky Star, a feat which could see them each collect more than £17,000.
The National Lottery will soon announce whether any winning tickets have been purchased ahead of the draw on Tuesday.
Ahead of the draw, Andy Carter, senior winners' adviser at Allwyn, said: “Tuesday sees the £208m EuroMillions jackpot still up for grabs.
“A win of this magnitude would create the biggest National Lottery winner this country has ever seen – making a single UK winner instantly richer than the likes of Dua Lipa and Harry Kane while also landing them at the number one spot on the National Lottery’s biggest wins list.”
An anonymous UK ticket-holder won the existing record jackpot of £195m on 19 July 2022.
Just two months earlier Joe and Jess Thwaite, from Gloucester, won £184,262,899 with a Lucky Dip ticket for the draw on 10 May 2022.
The UK’s third biggest win came after an anonymous ticket-holder scooped the £177m jackpot in the draw on 26 November last year, while the biggest this year was £83m in January.
According to National Lottery, the winning code in Tuesday’s Millionaire Maker Selection raffle – which is included in all EuroMillions tickets – was HMXQ77424, with one ticket-holder set to win the £1m prize.
In other National Lottery draws on Tuesday night, the Thunderball – which has a top prize of £500,000 – drew winning numbers of 7, 15, 24, 25, 32. The Thunderball is a 4.
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Avery County woman will use $466,415 win to help people affected by Helene – NC Education Lottery

Tracy Bell of Banner Elk wants to give back to her community after she won a $466,415 jackpot playing a digital instant game.
“Everyone around here has been through a lot lately,” she said. “I want to help some friends who lost a lot in the storm.”
Bell played a $10 ticket on Sunday and won the top level ‘Epic jackpot’ in the Wheel of Bonuses game, a digital instant game featuring a progressive jackpot that can be won at any time. The odds of that win are 1 in 3.1 million.
“It was pretty amazing,” she said.
Bell said she has trouble sleeping so she likes playing the Wheel of Bonuses game at night.
“It was pretty late, so I thought I was dreaming,” Bell laughed recalling her winning moment.
She claimed her prize Thursday at lottery headquarters and, after required federal and state tax withholdings, took home $334,656.
Bell said in addition to helping with the Tropical Storm Helene relief effort, she will look at buying a new car.
In the Wheel of Bonuses digital instant game, a player can play from 50 cents to $30. After Bell won the jackpot, it restarted at $50,000 and has grown to over $104,000 as of Thursday morning.
Digital instant games are played exclusively online on the lottery’s website or on the NC Lottery Official Mobile App. Forty-one different games are available to play online now.
The N.C. Education Lottery’s Play Smart™ program helps North Carolinians make the most of their lottery play. Visit ncplaysmart.com to learn about all things lottery, from tips on how odds work to how to enter bonus drawings. If you or someone you know needs support, visit morethanagame.nc.gov/ for free, confidential help.
10 COMMENTS
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3/22/2025 02:33 – John D.
GREAT WIN AND CONGRATULATIONS. ANOTHER BIG WIN IN THE MOUNTAINS PEOPLE PAY ATTENTION TO YOUR SURROUNDINGS JUST KEEP AN EYE ON WHERE THESE BIG WINS ARE TAKING PLACE AT
3/15/2025 03:50 – shirley b.
Hi at RepeatNCEL.COM
3/14/2025 09:51 – shirley b.
Hi NCEL too many repeats. Send out a trip and let it repeat. I bet y’all won’t let that happen. So obvious!@@@tepeat.com
3/14/2025 08:08 – Andrew S.
The article says the odds of winning that jackpot are 1 in 3.1 million. I think that’s a typo. The odds are 1 in 31 million.NC Lottery
Hi, Andrew! The odds of winning the progressive jackpot are dependent on the amount a player bets. With a $1 bet, the odds are 1 in 31 million, but with a $10 bet, the odds are 1 in 3.1 million.

3/14/2025 03:51 – Brian T.
Lol NCEL, your website is a joke now. Nobody wants your wonky app tracking their phone either. Shame on all those involved with betraying public trust as it leads to collapse.
3/14/2025 01:36 – Pam M.
My turn Congratulations Tracy!
3/13/2025 09:24 – Laura S.
Congratulations! God bless you!
3/13/2025 08:46 – William A.
How many of these digital instant games are multi-state. The new lamp game has a 1in64 million jackpot odds.NC Lottery
Hi, William! Monopoly is the only multi-state Digital Instants game at this time.

3/13/2025 07:40 – Phyllis H.
That’s Awesomw! May God continue to Bless you.
3/13/2025 03:57 – Michael B.
Hey NCEL. I use to get promotional offer pop ups when I logged in for draw tickets before the Lucke Rewards update at least once or twice a week. I haven’t received any recently was that discontinued when things were updated?NC Lottery
Hi, Michael! Bonus Offers have not been discontinued – players will still receive special offers. Stay tuned for more Bonus Offers in the future!

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Bitcoin ETF Inflows Signal Market Shift | Earnings Highlights & Market Valuation Trends – Nov 10, 2025 – eToro

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Analyst Weekly, November 11, 2025
After six straight days of ETF outflows, Bitcoin just flipped the script with nearly $240M in inflows marking its sharpest rebound in weeks. It is a sign that Bitcoin’s market structure is maturing.
The old four-year boom–halving–bust cycle is fading fast. With over 93% of Bitcoin already mined, halvings now move sentiment more than supply. Institutional players like BlackRock, Fidelity, and ARK are soaking up coins while leveraged traders exit. It’s a quiet transfer of power: from speculators to allocators.
A New Phase for Bitcoin
Roughly 400,000 BTC have shifted from long-term holders to institutional investors in just the past month. Each dip is met with accumulation, not panic. Volatility is compressing, now below 30%, a level unseen since pre-ETF days, signaling that Bitcoin is behaving more like a structural asset than a speculative one. It’s starting to decouple from gold and the Nasdaq, moving to its own rhythm.
If inflows hold and leverage stays muted, Bitcoin’s evolution from cyclical trade to long-term allocation could be underway. Recoveries are faster, drawdowns smaller, conviction stronger.
Crypto: Structural Rotation Underway
Institutional flows continue to favor Bitcoin’s clarity over Ethereum or Solana but that doesn’t make the latter any less critical. We stay structurally bullish on both: Ethereum and Solana are emerging as the two main roads to the tokenized future, powering stablecoins, real-world assets, and DeFi infrastructure.
Applied Materials (AMAT): Applied Materials (AMAT) will deliver its fiscal Q4 2025 earnings on Nov. 13 as the semiconductor equipment leader contends with US export curbs that have curtailed sales to China and a cautious chipmaking capex environment. Investors are focused on whether surging demand for AI server chip tools can offset softer orders from memory and logic customers. AMAT had warned of a drop in this quarter’s revenue due to Chinese chipmakers pausing new equipment purchases and if management’s guidance or comments on its backlog indicate that the industry downturn is bottoming, which would drive the stock’s reaction.
JD.com (JD): JD.com (JD) is slated to report Q3 2025 earnings on Nov. 13, and its results will show how China’s e-commerce environment is faring amid a lukewarm consumer and intense competition. Analysts expect roughly 13% YoY revenue growth but a sharp drop in profit as JD’s heavy investments in new services (like food delivery and instant retail) have squeezed margins. Investors will watch for signs that JD’s pivot to an “efficiency-first” strategy is paying off; if the company can translate solid sales growth into improved cash flow and margins, it could mark a turning point from recent cautious sentiment to renewed optimism on the stock.
Tencent Holdings (TCEHY): Tencent Holdings (TCEHY) is expected to post solid Q3 2025 growth, with forecasts for roughly 13–14% higher revenue and mid-teens earnings gains driven by a rebound in its gaming and online advertising businesses alongside improving margins. Market attention will center on whether Tencent’s heavy investments in AI and cloud (the company budgeted around RMB 100 billion in AI capex this year) are sustaining its momentum, new hit game launches and AI-enhanced ad technology have buoyed results, and how China’s macro environment or tech regulations might temper its outlook, as these factors will influence investor reaction.
Sea Limited (SEA): Sea Limited (SE) will release Q3 2025 results on Nov. 11, and the market is anticipating strong top-line growth (~40% YoY revenue surge to nearly $6 billion) driven by its Shopee e-commerce and SeaMoney fintech units. However, profitability is under the microscope, the company’s sales and marketing expenses have spiked (~30% YoY last quarter) and some analysts caution Sea is “likely to trade margins for growth” so investors will watch whether Sea can show improving margins or cost discipline even as it chases growth, which will be critical for the stock’s post-earnings reaction.
Occidental Petroleum (OXY): Occidental Petroleum is scheduled to post Q3 2025 results on Nov. 10, and Wall Street anticipates declines from a year ago (around $6.7 billion revenue, -6% YoY, and ~$0.48 EPS, -50% YoY) as last year’s oil price surge. Key focal points will be OXY’s production volumes and capital returns; the company has increased output in the Permian and aggressively cut debt (lowering interest expenses by $410 million) to bolster margins, along with any commentary on commodity price trends or shareholder payouts, which could sway the stock’s reaction.
Cisco Systems (CSCO): Cisco Systems (CSCO) will announce its earnings after the Nov. 12 close, with consensus around $14.8 billion in revenue (+~7% YoY) and $0.98 in EPS. Investors will be watching if Cisco’s core networking business can sustain robust growth, fueled by a multi-year upgrade cycle in AI infrastructure and enterprise campus refreshes and whether management’s guidance and order backlog confirm surging demand (Cisco nearly doubled its AI-related sales target last quarter), as those factors will heavily influence the stock’s post-earnings move.
Walt Disney Co. (DIS): Walt Disney (DIS) reports fiscal Q4 2025 results ahead of the Nov. 13 open, with consensus projecting about $1.02 in EPS (-10% YoY) on $22.8 billion revenue (+~1% YoY). Investors will be eyeing Disney’s streaming subscriber trends and theme park momentum versus continued weakness in its traditional TV networks, these metrics, along with any new cost-cutting or strategic updates (such as plans around ESPN or content spending), will set the tone for how the stock reacts to the earnings.
The top of the S&P 500 is still living large. The median price-to-earnings (P/E) multiple of the top five S&P 500 names sits at 30.2x, towering over the broader market’s 23x and the median stock’s 19x. Investors are still paying a steep premium for the biggest players.
What’s interesting this year, though, is that the average stock, not the megacaps, has seen the bigger valuation bump. The “S&P 493” (the rest of the index minus the Magnificent Seven) has actually experienced more multiple expansion, meaning investors are now willing to pay more for each dollar of earnings even outside Big Tech.
That’s helped lift the overall market multiple, but it’s also flashing a mild warning sign. At 19x, the median stock’s valuation is now just two turns below its 2021 peak of 21.3x, which marked the last major market top. Fundamentals remain strong, but valuation tailwinds are getting tired. Prices can’t keep rising just because investors feel good, eventually, earnings have to do the heavy lifting.
Corporate America is still cranking out profits. Third-quarter earnings season came in up 14% year-on-year, blowing past initial forecasts that called for mid-single-digit growth. That’s despite a backdrop of slowing job growth and a temporary government shutdown, both of which, surprisingly, barely dented earnings results. We expect a macro slowdown in Q4 is slower, as hiring cools down, yet the corporate bottom line hasn’t flinched. That has, so far, helped sustain investor confidence.
No surprise: the Magnificent Seven, Apple, Microsoft, Alphabet, Amazon, Meta, Tesla, and Nvidia, continue to dominate on both profits and performance. Their earnings growth has powered much of the S&P 500’s gains for several quarters. That said, by the second half of 2026, the gap in earnings growth between the Mag 7 and the rest of the S&P 500 (the “493”) could start to compress.
That means earnings breadth may finally widen as more sectors contribute to profit growth, not just tech titans. It’s the kind of shift that tends to make bull markets more sustainable and less top-heavy.

Bitcoin fell about 7% last week after support at $107,370 failed to hold. Sellers had already been putting pressure on the market in recent weeks. The cryptocurrency danced not only around the psychologically important $100,000 mark but also flirted with bear-market territory — at one point, the drop from the all-time high exceeded 20%.
Despite the pullback, the market showed some resilience. Bitcoin reacted to a well-known support zone, the Fair Value Gap between $96,950 and $99,730, which was already defended in June. The weekly close above the lower boundary of this zone suggests a degree of stabilization for now.
The long-term uptrend remains intact. In the short term, however, the chart would only improve if Bitcoin regains the broken support at $107,370. If the $96,950 level fails, the next major support zone could come into focus between $85,600 and $91,920.

Bitcoin, weekly chart. Source: eToro
 
Infineon shares fell about 3.5% last week, currently trading around €33. This halted the three-week recovery phase for now. Since September, the stock has attempted to rebound twice from the support zone between €30.46 and €32.15, but so far it hasn’t managed to test the medium-term resistance at €38. A level that has blocked any sustained move toward record highs since March 2023.
From a technical perspective, the chance of another upward move remains as long as the lower boundary of the Fair Value Gap at €30.46 holds. However, if this support breaks, investors should be prepared for a potential decline toward the €27.44–€28.17 range. Infineon will report its Q3 results on Wednesday, which could mark a decisive “make-or-break” moment for the stock.

Infineon weekly chart. Source: eToro

 
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Why are South Indian temples larger than ones in North? Answer isn’t ‘Islamic invasions’ – ThePrint

South India’s towering temple gateways and gopurams are among its most iconic architectural features. They glitter on tourist brochures and pricey coffee table books. But why are gopurams not a thing in North India? Why do so few medieval temples survive in the North? To some, the answer is straightforward: “Islamic” invasions wiped out North Indian temple worship. However, the real causes are more complex. Financial and social appeal, as much as devotion, created South India’s glorious gopurams.

Who built temples and why

Hindu temples today are many things, but primarily religious and community centres. They’re part of our lives, where we ask gods for aid or favour and express devotion. We go to temples for festivals to sing, pray, or watch performances. But was this always the case?

An overwhelming amount of evidence from medieval India says: No, not always. We know this from two sources. The first is architectural — crowds of devotees require open areas, large roofed compounds, and facilities for water, food, and access to the gods. You see this in contemporary temples. But the earliest surviving medieval temples, from the 5th–6th centuries CE, were tiny structures in walled-off compounds.

The second type of evidence comes from inscribed temple donations. Many temples today have plaques advertising patrons and devotees from a diverse cross-section of society. In contrast, inscriptions on early medieval temples suggest they were built and maintained by courtly aristocrats. There may have been humbler shrines of thatch and wood where poorer communities worshipped their own divinities. But elaborate stone temples were generally built by royal courts to facilitate rituals for their own benefit. There’s little evidence that early temples were community centres for all Hindus, as we often imagine today.

How, then, did temples become social hubs, as they are today? It’s here that North and South India diverge.

Let’s look specifically at Tamil Nadu, which has some of the most impressive gopurams and the most sprawling complexes often extending to over a hundred acres. From around the 8th century onwards, something radically impacted the evolution of Tamil temples. This was the bhakti movement, when Tamil poet-saints began to sing the glories of Shiva and Vishnu, describing the gods as actually living in various Tamil towns and villages. Within the next century, as historian Vidya Dehejia writes in The Thief Who Stole My Heart: The Material Life of Sacred Bronzes from Chola India, 855–1280, we see a very different kind of temple patronage in the state. In the 9th–10th centuries, everyone from shepherds to washerpeople, gentry to aristocrats, were making gifts and renovating shrines. And in comparison to North India, where most temple rituals were conducted in elite Sanskrit, Tamil temples had a strong tradition of Tamil bhakti singing, tying gods and temples intimately to local communities.


Also read: When did large Hindu temples come into being? Not before 500 AD


Transformations and expansions

This is not to say that Tamil royals didn’t try to build their own exclusive temples—they absolutely did. But, overwhelmingly, those are not the temples that continued to grow and expand all the way to the present.

You see, to remain in active worship, temples required constant infusions of land, labour, and materials. Kings such as Rajaraja I Chola (r. 985–1014) and his heir Rajendra I (r. 1012–1044) built two colossal temples dedicated to forms of Shiva named after themselves. Yet, after the decline of the Chola dynasty, these temples barely received any gifts for centuries, and their lands and properties were infringed upon and re-dedicated.

Contrast this with other medieval Tamil temples such as Srirangam and Chidambaram. They had their own regional and community loyalties and received gifts not just from kings, but—crucially—from local gentry and magnates. In Tamil Nadu from the 12th century onwards, as studied by historians James Heitzman and Noboru Karashima, gifting lands to temples also brought tax concessions. This, coupled with local loyalties, ensured that they were maintained by their communities through the centuries, no matter who was ruling.

Popular Tamil temples remained relevant through social and economic upheavals. In the 12th century, it was martial families who patronised them. In the 14th and 15th centuries, as the global textile trade grew, weavers became patrons. By the 18th century, as global merchant capitalism boomed, Chettiar merchants took over. As many groups concentrated their activities here, enormous gopurams were built, and patrons competed to gild roofs, add halls, and pay for processions and services in their local temples. Expanded temples brought larger crowds; larger crowds brought more gifts and paid for further expansion.


Also read: Vijayanagara was the Indian Renaissance State. It contains memories of older empires


The North Indian picture

Why did this not happen in North India? In his book chapter ‘Religious and Royal Patronage in North India’, historian Michael Willis points out that local communities did occasionally build temples. But patronage, at least according to inscriptions, was primarily an elite affair of the Sanskrit-speaking courts. The most spectacular medieval North Indian temples—like those at Khajuraho—were built by courts and abandoned when their dynasties collapsed. Generally, in North India, conquerors preferred to build their own shrines, rather than renovate that of a previous dynasty. In South India, meanwhile, kings competed to expand older temples like Srirangam because they were tied to local communities rather than local dynasties.

Some temples were also targeted by invading armies. For example, the Deccan emperor Indra III (914–929 CE) attacked the temple of the goddess Kalapriya when he invaded North India (Epigraphia Indica VII, page 43. North Indian dynasties that struggled politically could not repair attacked temples. In the 11th century, when another Deccan emperor, Someshvara I (r. 1042–1068), invaded Madhya Pradesh, he disrupted the construction of the Bhojeshvara temple at Bhojpur, which, if completed, would have been the largest temple built in North India until the 1700s. After this Deccan invasion, the Bhojeshvara temple’s patrons never recovered, and the temple remained unfinished. Such invasions, coupled with North India’s own internecine warfare, were partially responsible for the abandoned medieval temples still visible in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Gujarat. Without the support of their communities, many of these temples were simply never rebuilt.

The Gangetic Plains, too, saw internecine warfare and South Indian invasion. Unlike the regions mentioned, there are almost no medieval temples here dating to before 1500. There can be no doubt that Sultans were partially responsible for this. From the 12th century onwards, Sultanate attacks here disrupted monastic networks and destroyed any royal temples that were actively in worship. This, as we’ve just seen, was different in scale—not in concept—from older trends. And despite the Sultans’ colourful claims of destruction, it’s very doubtful that they had the capacity to actually do all that, as argued by Pakistani historian Fouzia Farooq Ahmed in Muslim Rule in Medieval India. What, then, happened to all the Gangetic temples?

Gangetic temples were most often built of brick: Once abandoned, they were often mined by locals for building materials or buried under the ever-shifting alluvial soil. North India is still littered with unexcavated archaeological mounds, especially in UP and Bihar. Further studies will continue to complicate the picture.

Diverse histories, diverse religions

India’s diversity is not just a slogan. Diversity means varying historical trajectories, conceptions of religion, and social behaviours. The crucial factor for a temple’s survival was not whether it was attacked by invaders or whether its royal patrons disappeared. Temples survived if they commanded local loyalties and had a reputation as a sacred site, which insulated them from political, religious, or social turbulence. South Indian temples took the form they did because of their precocious vernacular bhakti movements, which shaped the region’s understanding of temples for centuries. As always, in our politics, a phenomenon that seems superficially to be caused by Muslim rulers turns out to have a far more complicated history.

Anirudh Kanisetti is a public historian. He is the author of Lords of the Deccan, a new history of medieval South India, and hosts the Echoes of India and Yuddha podcasts. He tweets @AKanisetti. Views are personal.

This article is a part of the ‘Thinking Medieval‘ series that takes a deep dive into India’s medieval culture, politics, and history.

(Edited by Humra Laeeq)